Keeping Active or Becoming More Active in Middle and Older Age Linked to Longer Life

Meeting minimum guidelines could prevent nearly one in two deaths linked to physical inactivity

Keeping physically active or becoming more active during middle and older age is associated with a lower risk of death, regardless of past activity levels or existing health conditions, suggests a large UK study published by The BMJ.

At the population level, meeting and maintaining at least the minimum public health recommendations (150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity) would potentially prevent 46% of deaths associated with physical inactivity, say the researchers.

Previous studies have linked physical activity to lower risk of death, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers. But few studies have looked at how changes in physical activity over time are associated with subsequent risk of death.

So to address this knowledge gap, researchers from the MRC Epidemiology Unit at the University of Cambridge analyzed how long-term changes in physical activity are associated with risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer deaths.

They used data for 14,599 men and women aged 40–79 from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Norfolk study, who were recruited between 1993 and 1997.

Participants were assessed at the start of the study and then a further three times over an average of 7.6 years, along with other risk factors up to 2004. From this point in time, mortality was assessed up to 2016, for an average of 12.5 years of follow-up.

Physical activity energy expenditure was derived from questionnaires and calibrated against combined movement and heart monitoring measurements.

Overall physical activity included activity at work (eg, sedentary office work, standing work, physical and heavy manual work) and leisure-time activity, such as cycling, sports, and recreational activities.

During the study period, there were 3,148 deaths, including 950 deaths from cardiovascular disease and 1,091 deaths from cancer.

After controlling for existing physical activity and other risk factors such as diet, bodyweight, medical history, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels, higher physical activity levels and increases in physical activity over time were associated with a lower risk of death.

For each 1kJ/kg/day per year increase in physical activity energy expenditure (equivalent to being inactive at the start of the study and gradually, over five years, meeting minimum physical activity guidelines), the researchers found a 24% lower risk of death from any cause, a 29% lower risk of cardiovascular death, and an 11% lower risk of cancer death.

Results were similar in those with and without a history of cardiovascular disease and cancer. What’s more, compared with consistently inactive people, those who became more active over time had a lower risk of death from all causes, regardless of past activity levels.

But the benefits were greatest for those with existing high levels of physical activity who became even more active over time, with a 42% lower risk of mortality.

This is an observational study, and as such, can’t establish cause. And the authors point out that the sample was made up of people who were available for follow-up almost a decade after initial recruitment, which may influence generalizability of the results.

But they say that this is a large study with long follow-up and repeat monitoring, that controlled for established risk factors.

“These results are encouraging, not least for middle aged and older adults with existing cardiovascular disease and cancer, who can still gain substantial longevity benefits by becoming more active, lending further support to the broad public health benefits of physical activity,” they write.

“In addition to shifting the population towards meeting the minimum physical activity recommendations, public health efforts should also focus on the maintenance of physical activity levels, specifically preventing declines over mid to late life,” they conclude.

Source: The BMJ